The Key of Humane Interface Design

“An interface is humane if it is responsive to human needs and considerate of human frailties. If you want to create a humane interface, you must have an understanding of the relevant information on how both humans and machines operate.” (Raskin, 2000, p. 7)


Raskin J. 2000. The Humane Interface: new directions for designing interactive systems. Reading, Massachusetts: ACM Press.

漣漪：動態影像及聲音互動回饋裝置

發表於2008互動創作研討會(20080425)

壹、 創作理念
漣漪，自然界中最美的曲線。在湖邊，在水池，人們會不由自主地想要透過自己手，輕輕地撥動著水面，產生美麗且連續的水波，朝著湖的另一邊流去；同時，人們也會山谷中盡情的吶喊，透過聲音與山壁反射，享受餘音繞樑的感覺。這是自然界給予人們最感動的互動。在煩忙的現代，人們生活中充滿許許多多的壓力，適當地舒發壓力，會讓人作工作更有效率，更愉快；然而，人們無法在工作中立即到達湖邊或山谷，來享受大自然的互動；因此，本創作試著透過數位的設備及軟硬體，讓人們也可以感受到自然界給予的互動。在本創作中，透過影像及聲音整合出一個互動的環境，可以同時產生聲音的回饋及水波紋，來再現自然界的互動行為。

貳、 創作特色
近年來，互動電子藝術的研究是朝向人與影像的互動，例如：卡蜜兒.阿特貝克 (Camille Utterback, 1970~)，1999年所創作的文字雨(Text Rain)，觀眾透過自己的身體及手，可以去接住面畫中緩緩飄落英文字，或是讓它隨著自己手舞足蹈(圖 1)。

另外一方面互動電子藝術研究則是互動影音，依據使用者輸入的資料來產生反應，並且能夠動態地隨著操作方式而改變。例如：MIT媒體研究室(MIT Media Lab)的葛倫. 拉賓(Golan Levin,1972~)，以Java Applet的程式，致力於創造互動影音環境(Audiovisual Environment)，他在2003年的奧地利電子藝術節的作品－草書(Scribble)，以軟體程式將參與者的動態，轉換成為數位的影音效果，產生一件大型的抽象互動影音裝置作品(圖 2)。








本創作中，則是以使用者的動作或是發出的聲音，來產生自然界的回聲及連續水波；因此包含了聲音及影像二個部份的互動。聲音的部份，透過聲音的回授原理，加上左右聲道的互換，形成山谷中餘音繞樑的效果(圖3)。在水波紋影像的部份，透過手與布幕的互動，形成水波的效果，同時水波會朝向畫面的另一邊流動(圖4)。最後二種互動模式會互動影響，也就是當觀賞者撥動布幕時，除了會有水波外，同時也會產生聲音的回饋；當觀賞者吶喊時，聲音會形成回饋，同時水波會依聲音的高低，形同不同的波形(圖5)。相互整合，形成即時且動態的互動裝置。

參、 技術說明
在本創作中的技術可以分成裝置及軟體二個部份。裝置的部份包括了黑布幕骨架、彈性投影布幕、單槍投影機、網路攝影機及反射鏡面、麥克風、擴大機及音箱、個人電腦(圖6)。在軟體方面，則使用Max/MSP及Jitter，聲音回授的機置，將觀看者吶喊或是拍打的聲音，以麥克風收到Max/MSP，再將聲音以左右聲道的漸變的方式漸漸變小，困難之處在於如何必免麥克風再之收音後的高音雜訊。影像的部份，則是將觀看者觸摸彈性布幕後，將深度的變化以網路攝影機擷取，再以Jitter的物件分析影像的差異，進行產生水波的漣漪。同時聲音的高低也會形成不同高度的水波及聲音的回授。

肆、 誌謝
本創作由明道大學數位設計學系全力支持及提供所有設備及經費，同時也感謝鄭建文老師在Max/MSP及Jitter的支援。

伍、 參考文獻
http://www.electronicbookreview.com/thread/firstperson/multitiered
http://www.flong.com/projects/scribble/

[互動理論] Osgood-Schramm's communication model in 1954

Another well-known communication model is the Osgood-Schramm circular model, which has been proposed by Schramm (1954). In the Shannon and Weaver’s communication model, the process of communication could be considered as a linear process; on contrary, the Osgood-Schramm model is highly circular. Moreover, another distinctive characteristic between Shannon and Weaver’s and Osgood-Schramm’s models is that the former mainly directed to the channels mediating between the senders and receivers; while the later devotes their discussion to personal behavior of individuals in the communication process. Nevertheless, some similarities could be figured out between two approaches.

In Shannon and Weaver’s model, they made a distinction between source and transmitter and between receiver and destination; however, in the Osgood- Schramm case, they do not use the terms of transmitters and receivers; on contrary, they describe three cognitive functions of individuals, which are encoding, decoding, and interpreting. Compared to Shannon and Weaver’s model, the encoding behavior is similar to the transmitting signals and the decoding function is similar to receiving signals. Schramm and Osgood’s interpreting function of both sides is matched in Shannon and Weaver’s model by the source and the destination.

[互動理論]Shannon and Weaver's communication model in 1949

The classical model of communication, which has been applied analogically by behavioral and linguistic scientists, was addressed by Shannon and Weaver in 1949. Although this model was formed in terms of technological view, it influences a great number of later human communication models (Shannon and Weaver, 1949).

The Shannon and Weaver’s communication model is described as a linear process, which is including five functions and one noise factor (figure). The first state in the process is the information source, which is the source of producing a message or continuing messages to communicate with others. In the second step, the function of transmitter is to delivery the message by signals. Through the channels, the signals should be leading to the receiver, which is the opposite of the transmitter. After receiving signals, the receiver attempts to reconstruct the message from the signals. Therefore, the received message reaches the destination. During the process, the signal is too vulnerable to keep the original meaning from message, and could be easily disturbed by noise. For example, if there are many signals in one channel at the same time, the signal will be interfered by other sources between transmitted and received signal, which may mean that there are some differences between the original massage, produced by the source, and the reconstructed message, received by receiver. Because a sent and a received massage are not always identical, therefore, that is the common reason why communication fails.

[互動行為]互動行為學

互動是人們每天都會做的事, 起床和鬧鐘互動, 出門時和門把互動, 開車時和車子互動, 到辦公室和同事, 老闆互動, 整天和手機互動......

每個人都可以互動的角度, 來分析一天的行為, 來了解人與人, 或人與物之間的關係.

本blog將提供大家來討論, 每天生活中的互動行為有那些, 有那些互動是不滿意, 需要改善的?

同時本blog也提供一些互動硬體, 互動軟體, 互動理論, 及認知行為理論的相關知識, 提供有興趣的朋友們一同討論及研究.......